Herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles, is a viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which also causes chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the nerve cells and can reactivate years later, leading to herpes zoster. This condition is characterized by a painful, blistering rash that typically appears on one side of the body or face, following the distribution of a nerve, known as a dermatome. The rash often begins as red patches that evolve into fluid-filled blisters, which eventually crust over. Symptoms can include a burning or tingling sensation, severe pain, itching, and general malaise. In some cases, herpes zoster can lead to complications such as postherpetic neuralgia, where pain persists in the affected area long after the rash has healed. The primary cause of herpes zoster is the reactivation of VZV, usually due to a weakened immune system, aging, or stress. Individuals who had chickenpox during childhood are at risk of developing shingles later in life. The risk increases with age, particularly in those over 50, and is higher in individuals with compromised immune systems or those undergoing treatments that suppress immunity.
Treatment for herpes zoster focuses on alleviating symptoms, accelerating healing, and reducing the risk of complications. Antiviral medications, such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir, are most effective when started within 72 hours of the rash's appearance and can help shorten the duration of the infection and lessen pain. Pain relief can be managed with analgesics, corticosteroids, or topical treatments like lidocaine patches. Vaccination with the shingles vaccine, such as Shingrix, is recommended for older adults to reduce the risk of developing herpes zoster and its complications. Early medical intervention and proper management are crucial for minimizing the impact of the infection and preventing long-term issues.
